Diffuser for privacy display

ABSTRACT

A privacy display comprises a polarised output spatial light modulator, reflective polariser, plural polar control retarders and a polariser. A birefringent surface relief diffuser structure is arranged to transmit light from the display with high transparency and provide diffuse reflection of ambient light to head-on display users. In a privacy mode of operation, on-axis light from the spatial light modulator is directed without loss and with low diffusion, whereas off-axis light has reduced luminance and increased diffusion. Further, overall display reflectivity is reduced for on-axis reflections of ambient light, while reflectivity is increased for off-axis light. The visibility of the display to off-axis snoopers is reduced by means of luminance reduction, increased frontal reflectivity and diffusion of ambient light. In a public mode of operation, the liquid crystal retardance is adjusted so that off-axis luminance and reflectivity are unmodified.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to illumination from light modulationdevices, and more specifically relates to diffusing optical stacks foruse in a display including a privacy display.

BACKGROUND

Privacy displays provide image visibility to a primary user that istypically in an on-axis position and reduced visibility of image contentto a snooper, that is typically in an off-axis position. A privacyfunction may be provided by micro-louvre optical films that transmit ahigh luminance from a display in an on-axis direction with low luminancein off-axis positions, however such films are not switchable, and thusthe display is limited to privacy only function.

Switchable privacy displays may be provided by control of the off-axisoptical output.

Control may be provided by means of luminance reduction, for example bymeans of switchable backlights for a liquid crystal display (LCD)spatial light modulator. Display backlights in general employ waveguidesand light sources arranged along at least one input edge of thewaveguide. Certain imaging directional backlights have the additionalcapability of directing the illumination through a display panel intoviewing windows. An imaging system may be formed between multiplesources and the respective window images. One example of an imagingdirectional backlight is an optical valve that may employ a foldedoptical system and hence may also be an example of a folded imagingdirectional backlight. Light may propagate substantially without loss inone direction through the optical valve while counter-propagating lightmay be extracted by reflection off tilted facets as described in U.S.Pat. No. 9,519,153, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

Control of off-axis privacy may further be provided by means of contrastreduction, for example by adjusting the liquid crystal bias tilt in anIn-Plane-Switching LCD.

BRIEF SUMMARY

According to a first aspect of the present disclosure there is provideda display device for use in ambient illumination, the display devicecomprising: a spatial light modulator arranged to output light; anoutput polariser arranged on the output side of the spatial lightmodulator, the output polariser being a linear polariser having anelectric vector transmission direction; and an output diffuser structurearranged on the output side of the output polariser, the output diffuserstructure comprising first and second structured output layers arrangedon the output side of the output polariser, the first structured outputlayer being on the output side of the second structured output layer andhaving an output surface on the output side, and the first and secondstructured output layers comprising first and second transparentmaterials that have an interface surface therebetween, at least one ofthe first and second transparent materials being a birefringent materialhaving an optical axis that is aligned parallel or orthogonal to theelectric vector transmission direction of the output polariser, wherein:the output surface of the first structured output layer has a firstsurface relief profile; the interface surface has a second surfacerelief profile; the first surface relief profile and the second surfacerelief profile have the same, aligned shapes but with a relative scalingin amplitude along an axis normal to the plane of the output polariserso that the amplitude of the first surface relief profile is less thanthe amplitude of the second surface relief profile; for light outputfrom the output polariser, the refractive index of the first transparentmaterial is greater than the refractive index of the second transparentmaterial, said relative sealing and said refractive indices of the firstand second transparent materials are selected so that the outputdiffuser structure introduces no net angular deflection of light rayspassed by the output polariser along an axis along a normal to the planeof the output polariser.

Advantageously a display device may be arranged to provide diffusereflection of ambient light and simultaneously provide substantially nodiffusion to an on-axis observer of light transmitted by the diffuser.Image fidelity may be increased for the display user, while thevisibility of distracting specular reflections may be improved. Thediffuser may be provided with high efficiency and in a thin layer. Thethickness of components between the pixel plane and the front of thedisplay may be increased without degrading image fidelity. Polarluminance and reflectivity control components for privacy display andtouch screen components may be added to the front of the display toadvantageously increase functionality without loss of image fidelity andwithout visibility of specular reflections.

Advantageously front surface Fresnel reflections may be increased,reducing visibility of specular reflections. Desirable refractive indexdifferences may be conveniently provided between the first and secondtransparent materials. The diffusion cone angle size for off-axisviewing of image pixels by an off-axis may be increased in size toachieve an increase in visual security level by blurring the appearanceof said image pixels.

The at least one birefringent material may be a cured liquid crystalmaterial. Advantageously a solid layer may be provided with lowthickness.

The second structured output layer may have an input surface on theinput side that is planar. Advantageously cost and complexity isreduced.

At least one polar diffusion control retarder may be arranged betweenthe output polariser and the output diffuser structure wherein the atleast one polar diffusion control retarder may be capable ofsimultaneously introducing no net relative phase shift to orthogonalpolarisation components of light passed by the output polariser along anaxis along a normal to the plane of the at least one polar diffusioncontrol retarder and introducing a relative phase shift to orthogonalpolarisation components of light passed by the output polariser along anaxis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one polardiffusion control retarder. Advantageously the diffusion for off-axisviewing may be increased, to achieve increased visual security level.The on-axis viewer may maintain a high fidelity image.

The at least one polar diffusion control retarder may comprise aswitchable liquid crystal retarder comprising a layer of liquid crystalmaterial, wherein the at least one polar diffusion control retarder maybe arranged, in a switchable state of the switchable liquid crystalretarder, simultaneously to introduce no net relative phase shift toorthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the outputpolariser along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least onepolar diffusion control retarder and to introduce a net relative phaseshift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by theoutput polariser along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of theat least one polar diffusion control retarder. Off-axis diffusion oftransmitted light may be reduced for viewing in public mode so thatoff-axis users may be provided with high image visibility. In privacymode of operation, the display may be provided with high imagevisibility to the primary on-axis user and the image seen by the snoopermay have increased diffusion and reduced image fidelity, achievingincreased visual security level.

The spatial light modulator has a display polariser arranged on theoutput side thereof; the output polariser is an additional polariserarranged on the output side of the spatial light modulator as thedisplay polariser, the additional polariser being a linear polariser;and the display device further comprises plural retarders arrangedbetween the additional polariser and the display polariser. The pluralretarders comprise: at least one polar phase control retarder arrangedthat is capable of simultaneously introducing no net relative phaseshift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by thedisplay polariser along an axis along a normal to the plane of the atleast one polar phase control retarder and introducing a relative phaseshift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by thereflective polariser along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane ofthe at least one polar phase control retarder. The off-axis luminancemay be reduced to a snooper while high luminance is maintained for theon-axis display user. The off-axis luminance reduction may cooperatewith the off-axis diffusion increase of the output diffuser structure.Advantageously visual security level is increased for the snooper whilehigh image visibility is provided for the on-axis user in a privacydisplay.

The display device may further comprise a reflective polariser arrangedbetween the display polariser and the at least one polar phase controlretarder, the reflective polariser being a linear polariser. In aprivacy display, off-axis reflectivity may be increased while on-axisreflectivity is substantially constant. Advantageously visual securitylevel is increased.

The at least one polar phase control retarder may comprise a switchableliquid crystal retarder comprising a layer of liquid crystal material,wherein the at least one polar phase control retarder may be arranged,in a switchable state of the switchable liquid crystal retarder,simultaneously to introduce no net relative phase shift to orthogonalpolarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariseralong an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one polarphase control retarder and to introduce a net relative phase shift toorthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflectivepolariser along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the atleast one polar phase control retarder. Advantageously the display maybe switched between a public mode with high image visibility over a wideviewing angle and a privacy mode with high image visibility for anon-axis user and high visual security level for off-axis snoopers.

The output diffuser structure may be arranged at an increased distancefrom the pixel plane. For on-axis viewing positions, the diffuser hassubstantially no effect on image fidelity, while for off-axis viewingpositions the image fidelity is advantageously further degraded by theincreased separation to improve off-axis privacy performance to asnooper.

The output polariser may be a display polariser of the spatial lightmodulator. Separation between the output diffuser structure and pixelsof the spatial light modulator may be reduced. Advantageously imagefidelity may be increased and complexity reduced.

Said relative scaling, said refractive indices of the first and secondtransparent materials, and thickness of the first structured outputlayer may be selected so that the output diffuser structure furtherintroduces a net angular deflection to light rays passed by the outputpolariser along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the outputpolariser. Diffusion for off-axis viewing positions may be increased.Image fidelity may be reduced for off-axis viewers while high on-axisfidelity is provided. The visibility of an image to an off-axis snoopermay advantageously be reduced.

The display device may further comprise a backlight arranged to outputlight, the spatial light modulator being a transmissive spatial lightmodulator arranged to receive output light from the backlight, whereinthe backlight may provide a luminance at polar angles to the normal tothe spatial light modulator greater than 45 degrees that is at most 30%of the luminance along the normal to the spatial light modulator,preferably at most 20% of the luminance along the normal to the spatiallight modulator, and most preferably: at most 10% of the luminance alongthe normal to the spatial light modulator. The off-axis luminance isreduced for snooper viewing locations. Advantageously the visualsecurity level may be further increased and thickness reduced.

Embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in a variety ofoptical systems. The embodiments may include or work with a variety ofprojectors, projection systems, optical components, displays,microdisplays, computer systems, processors, self-contained projectorsystems, visual and/or audio-visual systems and electrical and/oroptical devices. Aspects of the present disclosure may be used withpractically any apparatus related to optical and electrical devices,optical systems, presentation systems or any apparatus that may containany type of optical system. Accordingly, embodiments of the presentdisclosure may be employed in optical systems, devices used in visualand/or optical presentations, visual peripherals and so on and in anumber of computing environments.

Before proceeding to the disclosed embodiments in detail, it should beunderstood that the disclosure is not limited in its application orcreation to the details of the particular arrangements shown, becausethe disclosure is capable of other embodiments. Moreover, aspects of thedisclosure may be set forth in different combinations and arrangementsto define embodiments unique in their own right. Also, the terminologyused herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation.

These and other advantages and features of the present disclosure willbecome apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading thisdisclosure in its entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments are illustrated by way of example in the accompanyingFIGURES, in which like reference numbers indicate similar parts, and inwhich:

FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating in side perspective view a switchableprivacy display for use in ambient illumination comprising atransmissive spatial light modulator, reflective polariser, compensatedswitchable retarder and birefringent diffuser structure:

FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating in front view alignment of opticallayers in the optical stack of FIG. 1A:

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating in front perspective views theappearance of the display of FIGS. 1A-B in a privacy mode of operation;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating in side perspective view a highresolution display for use in ambient illumination comprising anemissive spatial light modulator and birefringent diffuser structure;

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating in side view the structure of anoutput diffuser structure;

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation oftransmitted light in an output diffuser structure:

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation oftransmitted light in a birefringent output diffuser structure;

FIG. 5B is a graph illustrating the variation of refractive index for alinearly polarised my against incident angle in the a birefringentlayer;

FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation of reflectedlight in a birefringent diffuser structure:

FIG. 5D is a graph illustrating variation of reflectivity with viewingangle for a switchable privacy display and diffuser structures;

FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationby a display user of reflected ambient light from interface surfaces ofa display comprising a birefringent diffuser structure;

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationby an off-axis snooper of reflected ambient light for the display ofFIGS. 1A-B in public mode comprising a birefringent diffuser structure.

FIG. 6C is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationby an off-axis snooper of reflected ambient light for the display ofFIGS. 1A-B in privacy mode comprising a birefringent diffuser structure;

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationof reflected ambient light from interface surfaces of a display by adisplay user wherein the display comprises a non-diffusing frontsurface;

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationby an off-axis snooper of reflected ambient light for the display ofFIGS. 1A-B in privacy mode wherein the diffuser structure is omitted;

FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating in side view a birefringent diffuserstructure wherein the second transparent material is a birefringentmaterial;

FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating in side view a birefringent diffuserstructure further comprising conformal coating layers;

FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, FIG. 9C, FIG. 9D, FIG. 9E, and FIG. 9F are diagramsillustrating in side view a method to form a diffuser structure;

FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating variation of desirable first and secondtransparent layer refractive indices for different shrinkages to achievea desirable front surface diffusion;

FIG. 11A is a diagram illustrating in side perspective view an outputdiffuser structure comprising polar diffusion control retarderscomprising a negative 0-plate tilted in a plane orthogonal to thedisplay polariser electric vector transmission direction and a negativeC-plate and arranged to provide field-of-view diffusion modification ofa display device;

FIG. 11B is a graph illustrating the variation of output transmissionwith polar direction for transmitted light rays in the passive retarderof FIG. 11A if a polariser were arranged to analyse light output fromthe output diffuser structure;

FIG. 11C is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation oftransmitted light in a birefringent output diffuser structure comprisingthe polar diffusion control retarders of FIG. 11A;

FIG. 12A is a diagram illustrating in perspective side view anarrangement of a switchable polar diffusion control retarder in aprivacy mode comprising crossed A-plate passive retarders andhomeotropically aligned switchable LC retarder;

FIG. 12B is a graph illustrating the variation of output transmissionwith polar direction for transmitted light rays in the passive retarderof FIG. 11A in a privacy mode of operation if a polariser were arrangedto analyse light output from the output diffuser structure:

FIG. 12C is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation oftransmitted light in a birefringent output diffuser structure comprisingthe polar diffusion control retarders of FIG. 12A;

FIG. 12D is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationby an off-axis display user of reflected ambient light for the displayof FIGS. 1A-B and the diffuser element of FIG. 12A in a public mode ofoperation;

FIG. 13A is a diagram illustrating in perspective side view anarrangement of a switchable retarder in a public mode wherein theswitchable retarder comprises a switchable LC layer with homogeneousalignment and a negative C-plate polar control retarder;

FIG. 13B is a graph illustrating the variation of output luminance withpolar direction for transmitted light rays in FIG. 13A in a privacymode;

FIG. 13C is a graph illustrating the variation in reflectivity withpolar direction for reflected light rays in FIG. 13A in a privacy mode;

FIG. 13D is a graph illustrating the variation of output luminance withpolar direction for transmitted light rays in FIG. 13A in a public mode;

FIG. 13E is a graph illustrating the variation in reflectivity withpolar direction for reflected light rays in FIG. 13A in a public mode:

FIG. 14A is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation of outputlight from a spatial light modulator through the optical stack of FIG.1A in a privacy mode;

FIG. 14B is a graph illustrating the variation of output luminance withpolar direction for the transmitted light rays in FIG. 4A:

FIG. 15A is a diagram illustrating in top view propagation of ambientillumination light through the optical stack of FIG. 1A in a privacymode;

FIG. 15B is a graph illustrating the variation of reflectivity withpolar direction for the reflected light rays in FIG. 5A;

FIG. 16A is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation of outputlight from a spatial light modulator through the optical stack of FIG.1A in a public mode;

FIG. 16B is a graph illustrating the variation of output luminance withpolar direction for the transmitted light rays in FIG. 16A:

FIG. 17A is a diagram illustrating in top view propagation of ambientillumination light through the optical stack of FIG. 1A in a publicmode:

FIG. 17B is a graph illustrating the variation of reflectivity withpolar direction for the reflected light rays in FIG. 17A:

FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view adirectional backlight;

FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view anon-directional backlight;

FIG. 20 is a graph illustrating variation with luminance with lateralviewing angle of displays with different fields of view;

FIG. 21A is a diagram illustrating in side view a switchable directionaldisplay apparatus comprising an imaging waveguide and switchable LCretarder;

FIG. 21B is a diagram illustrating in rear perspective view operation ofan imaging waveguide in a narrow angle mode;

FIG. 21C is a graph illustrating a field-of-view luminance plot of theoutput of FIG. 21B when used in a display apparatus with no switchableLC retarder;

FIG. 22A is a diagram illustrating in side view a switchable directionaldisplay apparatus comprising a switchable collimating waveguide and aswitchable LC retarder in a privacy mode;

FIG. 22B is a diagram illustrating in top view output of a collimatingwaveguide;

FIG. 22C is a graph illustrating an iso-luminance field-of-view polarplot for the display apparatus of FIG. 22A; and

FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating in side perspective view analternative construction for a display device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Terms related to optical retarders for the purposes of the presentdisclosure will now be described.

In a layer comprising a uniaxial birefringent material there is adirection governing the optical anisotropy whereas all directionsperpendicular to it (or at a given angle to it) have equivalentbirefringence.

The optical axis of an optical retarder refers to the direction ofpropagation of a light ray in the uniaxial birefringent material inwhich no birefringence is experienced. This is different from theoptical axis of an optical system which may for example be parallel to aline of symmetry or normal to a display surface along which a principalray propagates.

For light propagating in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis, theoptical axis is the slow axis when linearly polarized light with anelectric vector direction parallel to the slow axis travels at theslowest speed. The slow axis direction is the direction with the highestrefractive index at the design wavelength. Similarly the fast axisdirection is the direction with the lowest refractive index at thedesign wavelength.

For positive dielectric anisotropy uniaxial birefringent materials theslow axis direction is the extraordinary axis of the birefringentmaterial. For negative dielectric anisotropy uniaxial birefringentmaterials the fast axis direction is the extraordinary axis of thebirefringent material.

The terms half a wavelength and quarter a wavelength refer to theoperation of a retarder for a design wavelength λ₀ that may typically bebetween 500 nm and 570 nm. In the present illustrative embodimentsexemplary retardance values are provided for a wavelength of 550 nmunless otherwise specified.

The retarder provides a relative phase shift between two orthogonalpolarization components of the light wave incident thereon and ischaracterized by the amount of relative phase, Γ, that it imparts on thetwo polarization components. In some contexts, the term “phase shift” isused without the word “relative” but still meaning relative phase shift.The relative phase shift is related to the birefringence Δn and thethickness d of the retarder by:

Γ=2·π·Δn·d/λ ₀  eqn. 1

In eqn. 1, Δn is defined as the difference between the extraordinary andthe ordinary index of refraction, i.e.

Δn=n _(e) −n _(o)  eqn. 2

For a half-wave retarder, the relationship between d, Δn, and λ₀ ischosen so that the phase shift between polarization components is Γ=π.For a quarter-wave retarder, the relationship between d, Δn, and λ₀ ischosen so that the phase shift between polarization components is Γ=π/2.

The term half-wave retarder herein typically refers to light propagatingnormal to the retarder and normal to the spatial light modulator.

Some aspects of the propagation of light rays through a transparentretarder between a pair of polarisers will now be described.

The state of polarisation (SOP) of a light ray is described by therelative amplitude and phase shift between any two orthogonalpolarization components. Transparent retarders do not alter the relativeamplitudes of these orthogonal polarisation components but act only ontheir relative phase. Providing a net phase shift between the orthogonalpolarisation components alters the SOP whereas maintaining net relativephase preserves the SOP.

A linear SOP has a polarisation component with a non-zero amplitude andan orthogonal polarisation component which has zero amplitude.

A linear polariser transmits a unique linear SOP that has a linearpolarisation component parallel to the electric vector transmissiondirection of the linear polariser and attenuates light with a differentSOP.

Absorbing polarisers are polarisers that absorb one polarisationcomponent of incident light and transmit a second orthogonalpolarisation component. Examples of absorbing linear polarisers aredichroic polarisers.

Reflective polarisers are polarisers that reflect one polarisationcomponent of incident light and transmit a second orthogonalpolarisation component. Examples of reflective polarisers that arelinear polarisers are multilayer polymeric film stacks such as DBEF™ orAPF™ from 3M Corporation, or wire grid polarisers such as ProFlux™ fromMoxtek. Reflective linear polarisers may further comprise cholestericreflective materials and a quarter waveplate arranged in series.

A retarder arranged between a linear polariser and a parallel linearanalysing polariser that introduces no relative net phase shift providesfull transmission of the light other than residual absorption within thelinear polariser.

A retarder that provides a relative net phase shift between orthogonalpolarisation components changes the SOP and provides attenuation at theanalysing polariser.

In the present disclosure an ‘A-plate’ refers to an optical retarderutilizing a layer of birefringent material with its optical axisparallel to the plane of the layer.

A ‘positive A-plate’ refers to positively birefringent A-plates, i.e.A-plates with a positive Δn.

In the present disclosure a ‘C-plate’ refers to an optical retarderutilizing a layer of birefringent material with its optical axisperpendicular to the plane of the layer. A ‘positive C-plate’ refers topositively birefringent C-plate, i.e. a C-plate with a positive Δn. A‘negative C-plate’ refers to a negatively birefringent C-plate, i.e. aC-plate with a negative Δn.

‘O-plate’ refers to an optical retarder utilizing a layer ofbirefringent material with its optical axis having a component parallelto the plane of the layer and a component perpendicular to the plane ofthe layer. A ‘positive O-plate’ refers to positively birefringentO-plates, i.e. O-plates with a positive Δn.

Achromatic retarders may be provided wherein the material of theretarder is provided with a retardance Δn·d that varies with wavelengthλ as

Δn·d/λ=κ  eqn. 3

where κ is substantially a constant.

Examples of suitable materials include modified polycarbonates fromTeijin Films. Achromatic retarders may be provided in the presentembodiments to advantageously minimise color changes between polarangular viewing directions which have low luminance reduction and polarangular viewing directions which have increased luminance reductions aswill be described below.

Various other terms used in the present disclosure related to retardersand to liquid crystals will now be described.

A liquid crystal cell has a retardance given by Δn·d where Δn is thebirefringence of the liquid crystal material in the liquid crystal celland d is the thickness of the liquid crystal cell, independent of thealignment of the liquid crystal material in the liquid crystal cell.

Homogeneous alignment refers to the alignment of liquid crystals inswitchable LCDs where molecules align substantially parallel to asubstrate. Homogeneous alignment is sometimes referred to as planaralignment. Homogeneous alignment may typically be provided with a smallpre-tilt such as 2 degrees, so that the molecules at the surfaces of thealignment layers of the liquid crystal cell are slightly inclined aswill be described below. Pretilt is arranged to minimise degeneracies inswitching of cells.

In the present disclosure, homeotropic alignment is the state in whichrod-like liquid crystalline molecules align substantiallyperpendicularly to the substrate. In discotic liquid crystalshomeotropic alignment is defined as the state in which an axis of thecolumn structure, which is formed by disc-like liquid crystallinemolecules, aligns perpendicularly to a surface. In homeotropicalignment, pretilt is the tilt angle of the molecules that are close tothe alignment layer and is typically close to 90 degrees and for examplemay be 88 degrees.

In a twisted liquid crystal layer a twisted configuration (also known asa helical structure or helix) of nematic liquid crystal molecules isprovided. The twist may be achieved by means of a non-parallel alignmentof alignment layers. Further, cholesteric dopants may be added to theliquid crystal material to break degeneracy of the twist direction(clockwise or anti-clockwise) and to further control the pitch of thetwist in the relaxed (typically undriven) state. A supertwisted liquidcrystal layer has a twist of greater than 180 degrees. A twisted nematiclayer used in spatial light modulators typically has a twist of 90degrees.

Liquid crystal molecules with positive dielectric anisotropy areswitched from a homogeneous alignment (such as an A-plate retarderorientation) to a homeotropic alignment (such as a C-plate or O-plateretarder orientation) by means of an applied electric field.

Liquid crystal molecules with negative dielectric anisotropy areswitched from a homeotropic alignment (such as a C-plate or O-plateretarder orientation) to a homogeneous alignment (such as an A-plateretarder orientation) by means of an applied electric field.

Rod-like molecules have a positive birefringence so that n_(e)>n_(o) asdescribed in eqn. 2. Discotic molecules have negative birefringence sothat n_(e)<n_(o).

Positive retarders such as A-plates, positive O-plates and positiveC-plates may typically be provided by stretched films or rod-like liquidcrystal molecules. Negative retarders such as negative C-plates may beprovided by stretched films or discotic like liquid crystal molecules.

Parallel liquid crystal cell alignment refers to the alignment directionof homogeneous alignment layers being parallel or more typicallyantiparallel. In the case of pre-tilted homeotropic alignment, thealignment layers may have components that are substantially parallel orantiparallel. Hybrid aligned liquid crystal cells may have onehomogeneous alignment layer and one homeotropic alignment layer. Twistedliquid crystal cells may be provided by alignment layers that do nothave parallel alignment, for example oriented at 90 degrees to eachother.

Transmissive spatial light modulators may further comprise retardersbetween the input display polariser and the output display polariser forexample as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,237,876, which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety. Such retarders (not shown)are in a different place to the passive retarders of the presentembodiments. Such retarders compensate for contrast degradations foroff-axis viewing locations, which is a different effect to the luminancereduction for off-axis viewing positions of the present embodiments.

A private mode of operation of a display is one in which an observersees a low contrast sensitivity such that an image is not clearlyvisible. Contrast sensitivity is a measure of the ability to discernbetween luminances of different levels in a static image. Inversecontrast sensitivity may be used as a measure of visual security, inthat a high visual security level (VSL) corresponds to low imagevisibility.

For a privacy display, providing an image to an observer, visualsecurity may be given as:

VSL=(Y+R)I(Y−K)  eqn. 4

where VSL is the visual security level, Y is the luminance of the whitestate of the display at a snooper viewing angle. K is the luminance ofthe black state of the display at the snooper viewing angle and R is theluminance of reflected light from the display.

Panel contrast ratio is given as:

C=Y/K  eqn. 5

The image contrast ratio, C is determined by the grey levels provided atleast by the pixels of the spatial light modulator and further by mixingbetween adjacent pixels due to diffusion in the optical system.Increasing diffusion between the pixels and the observers may degradepanel contrast.

For high contrast optical LCD modes, the white state transmissionremains substantially constant with viewing angle. In the contrastreducing liquid crystal modes of the present embodiments, white statetransmission typically reduces as black state transmission increasessuch that

Y+K˜P·L  eqn. 6

The visual security level may then be further given as:

$\begin{matrix}{{VSL} = \frac{\left( {{C + I},{p/\pi},{\left( {C + 1} \right)/\left( {P,L} \right)}} \right)}{\left( {C - 1} \right)}} & {{eqn}.\mspace{14mu} 7}\end{matrix}$

where off-axis relative luminance, P is typically defined as thepercentage of head-on luminance. L at the snooper angle and the displaymay have image contrast ratio C and the surface reflectivity is ρ.

The off-axis relative luminance, P is sometimes referred to as theprivacy level. However, such privacy level P describes relativeluminance of a display at a given polar angle compared to head-onluminance, and is not a measure of privacy appearance.

The display may be illuminated by Lambertian ambient illuminance l. Thusin a perfectly dark environment, a high contrast display has VSL ofapproximately 1.0. As ambient illuminance increases, the perceived imagecontrast degrades, VSL increases and a private image is perceived.

For typical liquid crystal displays the panel contrast C is above 100:1for almost all viewing angles, allowing the visual security level to beapproximated to:

VSL=l+l·ρ/(π·P·L)  eqn. 8

In comparison to privacy displays, desirably wide angle displays areeasily observed in standard ambient illuminance conditions. One measureof image visibility is given by the contrast sensitivity such as theMichelson contrast which is given by:

M=(I _(max) −I _(min))/(I _(max) +I _(min))  eqn. 9

and so:

M=((Y+R)−(K+R))/((Y+R)+(K+R))=(Y−K)/(Y+K+2·R)  eqn. 10

Thus the visual security level (VSL), is equivalent (but not identicalto) I/M. In the present discussion, for a given off-axis relativeluminance, P the wide angle image visibility, W is approximated as

W=1/VSL=1/(1+I·p/(π·P·L))  eqn. 11

Switchable directional display apparatuses for use in privacy displayfor example and comprising plural retarders arranged between a displaypolariser and an additional polariser are described in U.S. Pat. No.10,126,575 and in U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2019-0086706, both of which areherein incorporated by reference in their entireties. Directionaldisplay apparatuses further comprising reflective polarisers arrangedbetween the display polariser and retarders are described in U.S. Pat.No. 10,303,030 and in U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2019-0250458, both of whichare herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. Directionaldisplay polarisers comprising passive retarders arranged between adisplay polariser and an additional polariser are described in U.S.Patent Publ. No. 2018-0321553, which is herein incorporated by referencein its entirety.

The structure and operation of various switchable display devices willnow be described. In this description, common elements have commonreference numerals. It is noted that the disclosure relating to anyelement applies to each device in which the same or correspondingelement is provided. Accordingly, for brevity such disclosure is notrepeated.

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram illustrating in side perspective view anoptical stack of a display device 100 for use in ambient illumination406 that provides incident light rays 407; and FIG. 1B is a schematicdiagram illustrating in front view alignment of optical layers in theoptical stack of FIG. 1A.

A display device 100 for use in ambient illumination 406 comprises: aspatial light modulator 48 arranged to output light 400; wherein thespatial light modulator 48 comprises an display polariser 218 arrangedon the output side of the spatial light modulator 48, the displaypolariser 218 being a linear polariser.

An additional polariser 318 is arranged on the output side of thedisplay polariser 218, the additional polariser 318 being a linearpolariser; and a reflective polariser 302 arranged between the displaypolariser 218 and the additional polariser 318, the reflective polariser302 being a linear polariser. Typical polarisers 210, 218, 318 may bepolarisers such as dichroic polarisers.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1A, the additional polariser 318 is the outputpolariser of the display.

At least one polar phase control retarder 300 is arranged between thereflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser 318. The electricvector transmission direction 303 of the reflective polariser 302 isparallel to the electric vector transmission direction 319 of theadditional polariser 318. The electric vector transmission direction 303of the reflective polariser 302 is parallel to the electric vectortransmission direction 219 of the display polariser 218.

Thus a display device for use in ambient illumination 406 comprises aspatial light modulator 48 arranged to output light 400. In the presentdisclosure, spatial light modulator 48 may comprise a liquid crystaldisplay comprising a further display polariser 210 is an input polariserof the spatial light modulator 48, display polariser 218 with substrates212, 216, liquid crystal layer 214 and red, green and blue pixels 220,222, 224. Backlight 20 is arranged to illuminate the spatial lightmodulator 48 and comprises input light sources 15, waveguide 1, rearreflector 3 and optical stack 5 comprising diffusers, light turningfilms and other known optical backlight structures. Advantageously imageuniformity may be increased.

The structure and operation of backlights 20 for use in privacy displayare further described with reference to FIGS. 18-22C below. In anillustrative embodiment of FIG. 1A, the luminance at liquid crystalretarder 301 comprising a layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414,wherein the at least one polar phase control retarder 300 is arranged,in a switchable state of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301,simultaneously to introduce no net relative phase shift to orthogonalpolarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser 302along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one polarphase control retarder 300 and to introduce a net relative phase shiftto orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflectivepolariser 302 along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the atleast one polar phase control retarder.

As illustrated in FIG. 1B in the case when the spatial light modulator48 is a liquid crystal display, the input electric vector transmissiondirection 211 at the input polariser 210 provides an input polarisationcomponent that may be transformed by the liquid crystal layer 214 toprovide output polarisation component determined by the electric vectortransmission direction 219 of the display polariser 218.

The electric vector transmission direction of the reflective polariser302 is parallel to the electric vector transmission direction of thedisplay polariser 218. Further the electric vector transmissiondirection 303 of the reflective polariser 302 is parallel to theelectric vector transmission direction 319 of the additional polariser318.

An illustrative embodiment for the plural retarders 300 is described inFIGS. 13A-E below. The substrates 312, 316 illustrated in FIG. 1A of theswitchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprise electrodes 413, 415(illustrated in FIG. 13A) arranged to provide a voltage across the layer314 of liquid crystal material 414. Control system 352 is arranged tocontrol the voltage applied by voltage driver 350 across the electrodesof the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301.

Polar phase control retarder 300 further comprises a passive polar phasecontrol retarder 330 as will be described further below. The at leastone polar phase control retarder 300 comprises at least one passiveretarder 330 which is arranged to introduce no net relative phase shiftto orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflectivepolariser 302 along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at leastone passive retarder and to introduce a net relative phase shift toorthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflectivepolariser 302 along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the atleast one passive retarder.

An output diffuser structure 600 is arranged at the output of the outputpolariser that is the additional polariser 318, comprising: first andsecond structured output layers 608, 610 arranged on the output side ofthe output polariser. In the embodiment of FIG. 1B, the firsttransparent materials 601 is a birefringent material and has an opticalaxis 650 that is aligned parallel to the electric vector transmissiondirection of the output polariser. The structure and operation of theoutput diffuser structure 600 will be described further below.

The operation of the reflective polariser 302 will be described withreference to FIGS. 14A-17B below. The appearance of the display of FIGS.1A-1B when operating in a privacy mode will now be described.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating in front perspective viewsthe appearance of the display 100 of FIG. 1A operating in privacy modewith illustrative luminance and reflectivity variations as will bedescribed below with reference to FIGS. 1213 and 13B from differentviewing positions.

Each of the nine perspective views 520, 522, 524, 526, 528, 530, 532.534and 536 correspond to a view from the corresponding viewing position.

Upper viewing quadrant views 530, 532, lower viewing quadrant views 534,536 and lateral viewing position views 526, 528 provide both reducedluminance and increased reflections 606, 805 of ambient light source406, whereas up/down central viewing region views 522, 524 and head-onview 520 provides much higher luminance and low reflectivity region 805,with substantially no visibility of reflection from reflective polariser302.

Specular reflections of ambient illumination sources 406 from the frontof displays can provide undesirable distracting images that conflictwith image content for display users. It would be desirable to providediffusion of specular reflections from the front of the display withoutdegrading the image visibility to the primary user or the visualsecurity level to an off-axis snooper. Front surface diffusers thatreduce the visibility of specular reflections may degrade the visualsecurity level by scattering light into high angles, increasing off-axisluminance.

It would be desirable to provide diffusion of frontal reflections whileachieving high image resolution.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating in side perspective view a highresolution display for use in ambient illumination comprising anemissive spatial light modulator and output diffuser structure.

In comparison to FIGS. 1A-B the spatial light modulator 48 may beprovided by other display types that provide output light 400 byemission, such as organic LED displays (MED), or micro-LED displayswhich comprise display polariser 218 that is an output display polariserof the display. By way of comparison with FIG. 1A, in the embodiment ofFIG. 3, the spatial light modulator display polariser 218 is the outputpolariser of the display.

Display polariser 218 may provide reduction of luminance for lightreflected from the emissive pixel plane by means of one of moreretarders 518 inserted between the output display polariser 218 and OLEDpixel plane. The one or more retarders 518 may be a quarter waveplateand is different to the plural retarders 300.

To reduce the specular reflection from the front surface, it would bedesirable that the solid angle of the diffusion cone 420 at the pixelplane 214 is not substantially bigger than the individual pixels 220,222, 224. Diffusers that have high diffusion, may provide large solidangle diffusion cone 422 and undesirably image fidelity may be degraded.Further it would be desirable to increase the distance, d between thepixel plane 214 and the front surface 602 to provide more layers such asplural retarders 300 and touch screen layers (for example illustrated inFIG. 23, below) while maintaining image fidelity.

Features of the arrangement of FIG. 3 not discussed in further detailmay be assumed to correspond to the features with equivalent referencenumerals as discussed above, including any potential variations in thefeatures.

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating in side view the structure of anoutput diffuser structure 600.

First and second structured output layers 608, 610 are arranged on theoutput side of the output polariser 318 as illustrated in FIG. 1A. Thefirst structured output layer 608 is on the output side of the secondstructured output layer 610 and has an output surface 602 on the outputside. The first and second structured output layers 608, 610 comprisefirst and second transparent materials 601, 603 that have an interfacesurface 604 therebetween. At least one of the first and secondtransparent materials 601, 603 is a birefringent material having anoptical axis 650 that is aligned parallel or orthogonal to the electricvector transmission direction 319 of the output polariser 318.

The first structured output layer 608 comprises a first transparentmaterial 601 arranged between an output surface 602 with a first surfacerelief profile and an interface surface 604 with a second surface reliefprofile. The second structured output layer 610 comprises a secondtransparent material 603 arranged between the output polariser that isthe additional polariser 318 and the interface surface 604.

The first surface 602 has a surface relief profile and the secondsurface 604 has a surface relief profile that have the same, alignedshapes. A relative scaling in amplitude along an axis 199 normal to theplane of the output polariser 318 so that the amplitude 611 of the firstsurface relief profile is less than the amplitude 612 of the secondsurface relief profile. The amplitude 611 of the profile of the outputsurface 602 is less than the amplitude 612 of the profile of theinterface surface 604 and the scaling factor, s is provided by theamplitude 611 divided by the amplitude 612.

Considering points 615, 617 on the output surface 602 and interfacesurface 604, that are along the optical axis 199, then the angle ϕ1 ofthe surface 602 to the optical axis 199 is greater than the angle ϕ2 ofthe interface surface 604 to the optical axis 199.

The input surface 606 of the diffuser structure 600 is typically aplanar surface.

The operation of the diffuser structure 600 will now be described.

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation oftransmitted light in an output diffuser structure.

For the output light 400 from the output polariser (that is additionalpolariser 318) the refractive index of the first transparent material601 is greater than the refractive index of the second transparentmaterial 603. The normally incident ray 402 is deflected towards thenormal of the interface 604 at the point of incidence and propagatesthrough the layer 608. At the output surface 602, the surface angle ϕ1is lower than angle ϕ2 by the scaling factor of the profiles.

If the layer thickness is small, then the scaling factor is arrangedsuch that the ray 402 is directed in substantially the same direction asits input direction from the polariser 318. The small offset inpositions of the ray at the interface surface 604 and output surface 602may provide a small solid angle 420 of diffused light.

Thus the output diffuser structure 600 is capable of simultaneouslyintroducing no net angular deflection of light rays passed by the outputpolariser along an axis 199 along a normal 199 to the plane of theoutput polariser and introducing a net angular deflection to light rayspassed by the output polariser along an axis inclined to a normal to theplane of the output polariser. Advantageously on-axis light rays may betransmitted with small amounts of diffusion. Image resolution andfidelity may be optimised for an on-axis user.

Off-axis rays 404 have a larger diffusion cone 424A at the outputsurface. The finite thickness of layer 608 means the incident points617, 615 are laterally offset by increased distance 619. The reversedray deflection at the output surface 602 does not compensate for thedeflection at the interface 604.

The relative scaling (ratio of thickness 611 to thickness 612), saidrefractive indices of the first and second transparent materials 601,603 and thickness, t of the first structured output layer 608 areselected so that the output diffuser structure 600 further introduces anet angular deflection 424A to light rays 404 passed by the outputpolariser 318 along an axis inclined at angle θ to a normal to the planeof the output polariser 318.

Advantageously, some image data blurring may increase for images seen byan off-axis snooper. Advantageously the visual security level may beincreased for off-axis snoopers.

FIG. 4B further shows that incident rays 407 from ambient light source406 are diffused into cone 427 by Fresnel reflections at the frontsurface 602. Advantageously specular reflections are reduced, achievingincreased image visibility without distracting specular reflections.

Further the diffusion of pixels 220, 222, 224 for on-axis rays isreduced for increased separation of the pixel plane 214 and the outputsurface 604. Polar control retarders 300, polariser 318, reflectivepolariser 302 and touch screens (not shown) may be provided between thepixel plane 214 and the observer. Reflective privacy display withincreased visual security level and touch screen operations may beprovided advantageously without degradation of image fidelity.

Further scatter of polar light cones from the display are reduced,advantageously achieving reduced luminance and increased reflectivityfor off-axis viewing positions and increased visual security level.

Features of the arrangements of FIGS. 4A-B not discussed in furtherdetail may be assumed to correspond to the features with equivalentreference numerals as discussed above, including any potentialvariations in the features.

It would be desirable to provide increased image blurring for off-axisviewing positions to achieve increased visual security while maintaininghigh image fidelity for on-axis viewing.

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation oftransmitted light in a birefringent output diffuser structure 600. Asillustrated in FIG. 1B, the layer 608 comprises a material 601 that isbirefringent material 601 with optical axis 650 aligned to the electricvector transmission direction 319 of the output polariser 318.

The birefringent material 601 may be a cured liquid crystal materialsuch as a reactive mesogen liquid crystal material. Advantageously asolid layer may be provided without additional containment means.

The second structured output layer may have an input surface on theinput side that is planar. Advantageously a planar support substrate maybe provided and low cost achieved.

Light rays 402, 404 may have linear polarisation component 440 and areincident on the extraordinary refractive index of the birefringentmaterial 601. The material 603 may be an isotropic material withrefractive index that is less than the extraordinary refractive index ofthe birefringent material 601. Thus the light rays 440 are transmittedsubstantially undeflected and high image fidelity and high visualsecurity level in privacy mode is achieved.

By way of comparison, if on-axis light rays 450 were to be transmittedthrough the diffuser structure 600 with an orthogonal polarisationcomponent 452, then substantially no deflection may be provided at theinterface 604 and a large deflection at the output surface 602 so thatimage fidelity and visual security level may be reduced.

FIG. 5B is a graph illustrating the variation of refractive index for alinearly polarised ray against incident angle in the birefringent layer608 for a birefringent material with ordinary index of 1.50 andextraordinary index of 1.62.

As the angle of incidence onto the interface 604 increases, then therefractive index that is seen by the light ray 404 in the layer 608 isreduced. Thus the deflection of the ray is increased in comparison tothe arrangement of FIG. 4B. Advantageously the off-axis diffusion cone42413 is increased and visual security level to an off-axis snooperincreased due to image blurring.

The reflection of light at the diffuser structure 600 will now bedescribed in further detail.

FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation of light rays407 from an ambient polar angles to the normal to the spatial lightmodulator greater than 45 degrees may be at most 18%.

The display may further comprise a reflective recirculation polariser208 arranged between the backlight 20 and spatial light modulator 48.The reflective recirculation polariser 208 arranged between thebacklight 20 and input display polariser 210 is different to thereflective polariser 302 arranged between the display polariser 218 andadditional polariser 318. Reflective recirculation polariser 208provides reflection of polarised light from the backlight that has apolarisation that is orthogonal to the electric vector transmissiondirection of the dichroic input polariser 210. Reflective recirculationpolariser 208 does not reflect ambient light 406 to a snooper.

Thus the spatial light modulator 48 comprises a display polariser 218arranged on the output side of the spatial light modulator 48. Thedisplay polariser 218 may be arranged to provide high extinction ratiofor light from the pixels 220, 222, 224 of the spatial light modulator48 and to prevent back reflections from the reflective polariser 302towards the pixels 220, 222, 224.

Polar phase control retarder 300 is arranged between the reflectivepolariser 302 and the additional polariser 318. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 1A-IB, the polar phase control retarder 300 comprises passivepolar phase control retarder 330 and switchable liquid crystal retarder301, but in general may be replaced by other configurations of at leastone retarder, some examples of which are present in the devicesdescribed below.

The at least one polar phase control retarder 300 is capable ofsimultaneously introducing no net relative phase shift to orthogonalpolarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser 302along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one polarphase control retarder 300 and introducing a relative phase shift toorthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflectivepolariser 302 along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the atleast one polar phase control retarder 300. The polar phase controlretarder 300 does not affect the luminance of light passing through thereflective polariser 302, the polar phase control retarder 300 and theadditional polariser 318 along an axis along a normal to the plane ofthe polar phase control retarder 300 but the polar phase controlretarder 300 does reduce the luminance of light passing therethroughalong an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the polar phasecontrol retarder 300, at least in one of the switchable states of theswitchable retarder 301.

The principles leading to this effect are described in greater detail inU.S. Pat. No. 10,303,030, incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety, and arises from the presence or absence of a phase shiftintroduced by the polar phase control retarder 300 to light along axesthat are angled differently with respect to the liquid crystal materialof the polar phase control retarder 300.

Polar phase control retarder 300 comprises a switchable liquid crystalretarder 301 comprising a layer 314 of liquid crystal material, andsubstrates 312, 316 arranged between the reflective polariser 302 andthe additional polariser 318. The polar phase control retarder 300further comprises a switchable light source 406 in a birefringentdiffuser structure 600; and FIG. 51) is a schematic graph illustrating ameasurement of the variation of reflectivity 390 with lateral viewingangle in air 392 for some reflected light rays. FIGURE SC furtherillustrates light rays 428 that are reflected by Fresnel reflectionsfrom the output surface 602 and light rays 630 that are reflected fromthe interface 604.

As will be described in FIGS. 15A-B light rays 432 are transmitted toreflective polariser 302 through polar phase control retarder 300 andreflected to provide angular variation of reflectivity. An illustrativeprofile 460 of reflectivity of light rays 432 in private mode ofoperation in the lateral direction for zero elevation is illustrated inFIGURE SD. The combined reflectance of light rays 428 and 430 that arereflected from the output surface 602 and interface 604 are illustratedby profile 466 for the illustrative birefringent material, above. Bycomparison, the reflectivity of a conventional material with refractiveindex 1.50 is illustrated by profile 464. Advantageously thebirefringent material has an increased reflectivity to achieve increasedsuppression of specular reflections.

Features of the arrangements of FIGURES SA-D not discussed in furtherdetail may be assumed to correspond to the features with equivalentreference numerals as discussed above, including any potentialvariations in the features.

The total display 100 reflectivity for the arrangement of FIG. 1A isillustrated by profile 468. Advantageously the reflectivity to snoopersat high viewing angles is increased and visual security level increased.

The operation of the privacy mode of the display of FIG. 1A will now bedescribed further.

FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationby a display user of reflected ambient light from interface surfaces ofa display comprising a birefringent diffuser structure.

In operation in both privacy and public modes of operation, primary user45 observes a full luminance with low display reflectivity. Display 100may be provided with white image regions 803 and black image regions801. Head-on display user 45 sees high frequency features such as theborder of black and white regions with high image fidelity due to thelow diffusion in the head-on direction of the diffuser structure 600.Diffuse rays 407 are reflected from the diffuser structure 600 and anon-specular front reflection 805 is provided by the display.Advantageously high image visibility is achieved with high imagefidelity and no distracting specular reflections.

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationby an off-axis snooper of reflected ambient light for the display ofFIGS. 1A-B in public mode comprising a birefringent diffuser structure.

In comparison to FIG. 6A, some increased diffusion may be present thatcan cause reduced contrast for regions 801 for off-axis users due to ofaxis diffusion cone 424 (not shown) providing some reduction of imagefidelity, however high luminance and low reflectivity is achieved sothat advantageously high image visibility may be maintained.

FIG. 6C is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationby an off-axis snooper of reflected ambient light for the display ofFIGS. 1A-B in privacy mode comprising a birefringent diffuser structure600.

Off-axis user observes a reduced luminance white region 803 and blackregion 801. Advantageously visual security level is increased.

Reflection of light rays 432 in FIG. 5-C is specular so that a specularimage 807 is provided. Advantageously the specular reflections of lightrays 432 provide camouflage of image content to the snooper 47 andvisual security level is further increased. Diffuse rays 407 arereflected from the diffuser structure 600 and a non-specular frontreflection 805 is provided by the display, further reducing imagecontrast and increasing visual security level.

The operation of a display with no diffuser structure 600 will now bedescribed.

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationof reflected ambient light from interface surfaces of a display by adisplay user wherein the display comprises a non-diffusing frontsurface. In comparison to FIG. 6A, incident light rays 407 arespecularly reflected as light rays 29 and an image 807 of the reflectedambient light source 406 is seen on the display surface. Such an image807 may be distracting and undesirable for the display user.

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationby an off-axis snooper of reflected ambient light for the display ofFIGS. 1A-B in privacy mode wherein the diffuser structure is omitted.For the snooper 47 in privacy mode the contrast reduction of blackregions 801 may not be as great as for FIG. 6C and visual security levelmay be reduced.

Features of the arrangements of FIGS. 6A-7B not discussed in furtherdetail may be assumed to correspond to the features with equivalentreference numerals as discussed above, including any potentialvariations in the features.

Further embodiments of the diffuser structure 600 will now be described.

FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating in side view a birefringent diffuserstructure wherein the second transparent material is birefringent.

In one embodiment the first transparent material 601 may be abirefringent material with orthogonal alignment direction to theelectric vector transmission direction 319 of the output polariser 318.The mechanical properties of the first transparent layer 608 may beadjusted to be superior to birefringent materials, advantageouslyincreasing device ruggedness during handling. The electric vectortransmission direction 319 of the output polariser 318 may be orthogonalto the optical axis 650 of the birefringent material 603 so that thelight ray 404 sees a refractive index of the birefringent material 603that does not change with lateral angle. The off-axis diffusion coneangle 424A may be independent of lateral viewing angle. Advantageouslyoff-axis display users in public mode of operation may be provided withincreased fidelity images.

In another embodiment the first transparent material 601 may be anisotropic material with refractive index greater than the ordinary indexof the birefringent material 603. Advantageously large refractive indexdifferences may be conveniently provided by known materials.

It may be desirable to protect layers for processing, handling andmechanical ruggedness.

FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating in side view a birefringent diffuserstructure further comprising optional conformal coating layers 622, 624arranged on the output surface 602 and/or interface 604 respectively. Asthe layers 622, 624 are conformal they may provide substantially nochange to the optical properties of the diffuser but may achieveincreased ruggedness, or may provide birefringent material alignmentproperties for example. Features of the arrangements of FIGS. 8A-B notdiscussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to the featureswith equivalent reference numerals as discussed above, including anypotential variations in the features.

A method to form a diffuser structure 600 will now be described.

FIGS. 9A-9F are diagrams illustrating in side view a method to form adiffuser structure. In a first step as shown in FIG. 9A, a structure isprovided in an isotropic material 603 with a desirable surface reliefprofile to form interface surface 604. Such a surface may be provided bymoulding in contact with a suitably shaped tool for example. Features ofthe arrangements of FIGS. 9A-F not discussed in further detail may beassumed to correspond to the features with equivalent reference numeralsas discussed above, including any potential variations in the features.

In a second step as shown in FIG. 98, a conformal alignment layer 624 isformed on the surface 604 and suitable alignment is provided byphotoalignment or mechanical rubbing for example.

In a third step as shown in FIG. 9C layer of liquid crystal material isformed on the surface and may have a substantially planar upper surface,or may have some degree of adjustment to the underlying structure of thesurface 604.

In a fourth step as shown in FIGS. 9D-E, the layer undergoes a shrinkingprocess as indicated by shrinkage arrows 660 such that the profile ofthe surface 602 after shrinkage is scaled from the profile of thesurface 604. Such shrinkage may be controlled by material properties ofthe material 601 such as solvent content and viscosity, and processconditions such as temperature and vacuum pressure.

In a fifth step as shown in FIG. 9F after shrinkage the layer is cured,for example by means of UV illumination 662 and/or by thermal curing toprovide cross-linking 621. Some shrinkage may also be provided in thecuring stage that is compensated for in the fourth step or the fourthand fifth step may be combined.

Advantageously shrinkage and alignment of the birefringent material 601may be conveniently provided to achieve the scaled profile of the outputsurface 602 in comparison to the profile of the interface surface 604.

It would be desirable to provide control of the scaling factor.

FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating variation of desirable first and secondtransparent layer refractive indices for different shrinkages to achievea desirable front surface diffusion. FIG. 10 is an illustrativeembodiment of shrinkage for the refractive indices of different firsttransparent material 601 and second transparent material 603.

In one illustrative embodiment such as illustrated in FIG. 5A and byprocess point 670, the first layer may be an aligned reactive mesogenmaterial 601 with extraordinary index of 1.62. As illustrated by processcondition 670, if the refractive index of the material 603 is 1.55 thena shrinkage during processing of 11% is desirable to achieve no raydeflection for on-axis rays 402.

In another illustrative embodiment such as illustrated in FIG. 8A and byprocess point 672, the first layer may be an aligned reactive mesogenmaterial 601 with ordinary index of 1.50. As illustrated by processcondition 672, if the refractive index of the material 603 is 1.48 thena shrinkage during processing of 4% is desirable. Such tuning may alsobe provided for isotropic materials, for example as shown in FIG. 4B.

Advantageously the material system and process conditions can be tunedto achieve desirable diffusion and transmission properties.

As described for FIGS. 5A-B some increase in diffusion with viewingangle may be provided by the change in refractive index of the material601 or 603 with lateral viewing angle. It may be desirable to providefurther increased diffusion for off-axis viewers to achieve increasedvisual security level.

FIG. 11A is a diagram illustrating in side perspective view an outputdiffuser structure comprising polar diffusion control retarderscomprising a negative O-plate tilted in a plane orthogonal to thedisplay polariser electric vector transmission direction and a negativeC-plate and arranged to provide field-of-view diffusion modification ofa display device; and FIG. 11B is a graph illustrating the variation ofoutput transmission with polar direction for transmitted light rays inthe passive retarder of FIG. 11A if a polariser were arranged to analyselight output from the output diffuser structure for the illustrativeembodiment of TABLE 1. Features of the arrangements of FIGS. 11A-C notdiscussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to the featureswith equivalent reference numerals as discussed above, including anypotential variations in the features.

TABLE 1 Passive retarder Layer Type Out of plane angle/° In planeangle/° Δn.d/nm 272A Negative O 65 90 −550 272B Positive C 90 0 +500

At least one polar diffusion control retarder 700 is arranged betweenthe output polariser that is the additional polariser 318 (but may farexample be the spatial light modulator display polariser 218) and theoutput diffuser structure 600 wherein the at least one polar diffusioncontrol retarder 700 is capable of simultaneously introducing no netrelative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of lightpassed by the output polariser along an axis 199 along a normal to theplane of the at least one polar diffusion control retarder 700 andintroducing a relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation componentsof light passed by the output polariser along an axis inclined to anormal to the plane of the at least one polar diffusion control retarder700.

The operation of and alternative arrangements of passive polar controlretarders 330 are described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,303,030 when providedbetween parallel polarisers. The profile of FIG. 11B thus gives anindication of the polarisation state that is incident on the diffuserstructure 600 and is shown for illustrative purposes. However, nofurther additional polariser is provided here, but the incidentpolarisation ailing on the birefringent diffuser structure 600 isadjusted.

FIG. 11C is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation oftransmitted light in a birefringent output diffuser structure comprisingthe polar diffusion control retarders of FIG. 11A.

In comparison to FIG. 5A, the polar diffuser retarder 700 is providedbetween the polariser 318 and the birefringent layer 608. For on-axisrays 402 there is no change of the polarisation state 440. However, foroff-axis rays, the polarisation state 444 is modified so that it is ingeneral an elliptical polarisation state and for certain angles may be alinear polarisation state that has been rotated. The ellipticalpolarisation state sees a refractive index at the layer 608 that doesnot compensate for the difference in profiles of the surfaces 602, 604and thus the diffusion may be increased to provide diffusion cone 424C.For comparison cones 424A and 4248 from FIG. 5A and FIG. 8A are alsoshown.

Advantageously the fidelity of off-axis images seen by a snooper in aprivacy display may be degraded and visual security level enhanced.

It may be desirable to maintain image fidelity for off-axis viewingpositions in a public mode of operation and degrade off-axis imagefidelity in a privacy mode of operation.

FIG. 12A is a diagram illustrating in perspective side view anarrangement of a switchable polar diffusion control retarder in aprivacy mode comprising crossed A-plate passive retarders andhomeotropically aligned switchable LC retarder; and FIG. 12B is a graphillustrating the variation of output transmission with polar directionfor transmitted light rays in the passive retarder of FIG. 11A in aprivacy mode of operation if a polariser were arranged to analyse lightoutput from the output diffuser structure for the illustrativeembodiment of TABLE 2. Features of the arrangements of FIGS. 12A-D notdiscussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to the featureswith equivalent reference numerals as discussed above, including anypotential variations in the features.

TABLE 2 Passive polar control retarders 730 Active LC retarder 701 Δn.d/Alignment Pretilt/ Δn.d/ Voltage/ Mode Type nm layers deg nm Δ∈ V PublicCrossed A +500 @ 45°  Homogeneous 2 750 13.2 10 Privacy +500 @ 135°Homogeneous 2 2.3

The at least one polar diffusion control retarder comprises a switchableliquid crystal retarder 701 comprising a layer of liquid crystalmaterial 721, wherein the at least one polar diffusion control retarder700 is arranged, in a switchable state of the switchable liquid crystalretarder 701, simultaneously to introduce no net relative phase shift toorthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the outputpolariser 318 along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at leastone polar diffusion control retarder 700 and to introduce a net relativephase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by theoutput polariser 318 along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane ofthe at least one polar diffusion control retarder 700.

Electrodes 731, 715 are arranged to provide a controlled voltage bymeans on voltage controller 750 across the layer of liquid crystalmaterial 721.

In an illustrative embodiment, the switchable liquid crystal retarder701 comprises two surface alignment layers 719 a, 7196 disposed adjacentto the layer of liquid crystal material 721 and on opposite sidesthereof and each arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material 721. The layer of liquid crystalmaterial 721 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 701 comprises aliquid crystal material 721 with a positive dielectric anisotropy. Thelayer of liquid crystal material 721 has a retardance for light of awavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 900 nm, preferably in arange from 600 nm to 850 nm and most preferably in a range from 700 nmto 800 nm. The retarder 730 further comprises a pair of passiveretarders 730A, 730B which have optical axes in the plane of theretarders that are crossed, each passive retarder of the pair of passiveretarders having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in arange from 300 nm to 800 nm, preferably in a range from 350 nm to 650 nmand most preferably in a range from 450 nm to 550 nm.

The passive polar diffusion control retarder 730 is provided by a pairof A-plates 730A, 730B that have crossed axes 731A, 731B. In the presentembodiments, ‘crossed’ refers to an angle of substantially 90° betweenthe optical axes of the two retarders in the plane of the retarders. Toreduce cost of retarder materials, it is desirable to provide materialswith some variation of retarder orientation due to stretching errorsduring film manufacture for example. Variations in retarder orientationaway from preferable directions can reduce the head-on luminance andincrease the minimum transmission. Preferably the angle 710A is at least35° and at most 55°, more preferably at least 40° and at most 50° andmost preferably at least 42.5° and at most 47.5°. Preferably the angle71013 is at least 125° and at most 145°, more preferably at least 130°and at most 135° and most preferably at least 132.5° and at most 137.5°.

The operation of the switchable diffuser of FIG. 12A will now bedescribed.

FIG. 12C is a diagram illustrating in side view propagation oftransmitted light in a birefringent output diffuser structure comprisingthe polar diffusion control retarders of FIG. 12A.

In comparison to the arrangement of FIG. 11C, the polarisation statethat is incident onto the birefringent material 601 of the firsttransparent layer 608 may have a controlled polarisation state. In thepublic mode, state 442A may be provided on ray 404 so that the layer 608provides small amount of diffusion and cone 424A is provided. In privacymode, the diffuser may be switched so that the polarisation state 442Cis provided and increased diffusion provided at the diffusing layer 608.The separation of the diffusing layer 608 from the image pixels 220,222, 224 (not shown) provides a loss of image fidelity andadvantageously increases the visual security level of the display 100.Further increased image privacy may be provided in the absence of anadditional polariser, for example if the structure of FIG. 12C isprovided with the display of FIG. 3 such that the output polariser isthe spatial light modulator polariser 218. Advantageously cost andcomplexity is reduced.

FIG. 12D is a diagram illustrating in front perspective view observationby an off-axis display user of reflected ambient light for the displayof FIGS. 1A-B and the diffuser element of FIG. 12A in a public mode ofoperation. Advantageously the diffuse reflection 805 from the front ofthe display is provided without substantial loss of image fidelity.

Example arrangements of privacy display to which output diffuserstructures of the present embodiments can be applied will now bedescribed.

It would be desirable to provide a visual security level in a privacymode by reducing off-axis luminance and increasing off-axisreflectivity, for example as illustrated in FIG. 2. The operation of thepolar phase control retarder 300 in FIG. 1A will now be described.

FIG. 13A is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective side view anarrangement of a switchable retarder 300 in a public mode of operationwherein the switchable retarder comprises a switchable liquid crystalretarder 301 with homogeneous alignment and a negative C-plate polarphase control retarder.

The operation of the polar phase control retarder 330 and polarisers302, 318 of FIG. 13A is different to the polar diffusion controlretarder 700, polariser 318 and birefringent output diffuser structureof FIG. 12A. Polar phase control retarder 330 is arranged to provide aphase control of the polarisation state onto the polariser 318 such thata polar luminance control is provided, and to control polar reflectivityfrom the reflective polariser 302. By comparison the polar diffusioncontrol retarder 700 is arranged to control the polarisation stateincident onto the birefringent output diffuser 600 and does not controlthe luminance of the output hut controls the amount of diffusionprovided by the diffuser at each polar angle.

FIG. 13B is a graph illustrating the variation of output luminance withpolar direction for transmitted light rays in FIG. 13A in a privacymode: FIG. 13C is a schematic graph illustrating the variation inreflectivity with polar direction for reflected light rays in FIG. 13Ain a privacy mode of operation; FIG. 13D is a schematic graphillustrating the variation of output luminance with polar direction fortransmitted light rays in FIG. 13A in a public mode of operation; andFIG. 13E is a schematic graph illustrating the variation in reflectivitywith polar direction for reflected light rays in FIG. 13A in a publicmode of operation comprising the embodiments illustrated in TABLE 3.Features of the arrangements of FIGS. 13A-E not discussed in furtherdetail may be assumed to correspond to the features with equivalentreference numerals as discussed above, including any potentialvariations in the features.

TABLE 3 Passive polar control retarder(s) Active LC retarder Δn.d/Alignment Pretilt/ Δn.d/ Voltage/ Mode Type nm layers deg nm Δ∈ V PublicNegative C −500 Homogeneous 2 750 +13.2 10.0 Privacy Homogeneous 2 3.8

The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises two surfacealignment layers 419 a, 419 b disposed adjacent to the layer of liquidcrystal material 421 and on opposite sides thereof and each arranged toprovide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material414. The layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 of the switchableliquid crystal retarder 301 comprises a liquid crystal material 414 witha positive dielectric anisotropy. The layer of liquid crystal material414 has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from500 nm to 900 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 850 nm and mostpreferably in a range from 700 nm to 800 nm. The retarder 330 furthercomprises a passive retarder having an optical axis perpendicular to theplane of the retarder, the passive retarder having a retardance forlight of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from −300 nm to −700 nm,preferably in a range from −350 nm to −600 nm and most preferably in arange from −400 nm to −500 nm.

The passive retarders may be provided using stretched films toadvantageously achieve low cost and high uniformity. Further field ofview for liquid crystal retarders with homogeneous alignment isincreased while providing resilience to the visibility of flow of liquidcrystal material during applied pressure.

Arrangements of alternative arrangements of passive polar phase controlretarders 330 and liquid crystal retarder 301 are described in U.S. Pat.No. 10,303,030.

Advantageously a public mode of operation may be provided with highluminance and low reflectivity for off-axis and on-axis viewingpositions, achieving high image visibility. Further a privacy mode ofoperation may be provided with a low luminance and high reflectivity foroff-axis viewing positions with a high visual security level. Further,front surface diffusion may be provided that does not degrade the imageseen by the primary user while achieving reduced visibility of specularreflections to the primary display user.

The propagation of polarised light from the display polariser 218 willnow be considered for on-axis and off-axis directions.

FIG. 14A is a schematic diagram illustrating in side view propagation ofoutput light from a spatial light modulator through the optical stack ofFIG. 1A in a privacy mode of operation; and FIG. 14B is a schematicgraph illustrating the variation of output luminance with polardirection for the transmitted light rays in FIG. 14A. When the layer 314of liquid crystal material is in a second state of said two states, thepolar phase control retarder 300 provides no overall transformation ofpolarisation component 360 to output light rays 400 passing therethroughalong an axis perpendicular to the plane of the switchable retarder, butprovides an overall transformation of polarisation component 361 tolight rays 402 passing therethrough for some polar angles which are atan acute angle to the perpendicular to the plane of the retarders.Features of the arrangement of FIG. 14A not discussed in further detailmay be assumed to correspond to the features with equivalent referencenumerals as discussed above, including any potential variations in thefeatures.

Polarisation component 360 from the display polariser 218 is transmittedby reflective polariser 302 and incident on retarders 300. On-axis lighthas a polarisation component 362 that is unmodified from component 360while off-axis light has a polarisation component 364 that istransformed by the polar phase control retarder 300. At a minimum, thepolarisation component 361 is transformed to a linear polarisationcomponent 364 and absorbed by additional polariser 318. More generally,the polarisation component 361 is transformed to an ellipticalpolarisation component, that is partially absorbed by additionalpolariser 318.

Thus in a polar representation of transmission by the polar phasecontrol retarder 300 and additional polariser 318 in a privacy mode,regions of high transmission and regions of low transmission areprovided as illustrated in FIG. 14B.

The polar distribution of light transmission illustrated in FIG. 14Bmodifies the polar distribution of luminance output of the underlyingspatial light modulator 48. In the case that the spatial light modulator48 comprises a directional backlight 20 then off-axis luminance may befurther be reduced as described above.

Advantageously, a privacy display is provided that has low luminance toan off-axis snooper while maintaining high luminance for an on-axisobserver.

The operation of the reflective polariser 302 for light from ambientlight source 406 will now be described.

FIG. 15A is a schematic diagram illustrating in top view propagation ofambient illumination light through the optical stack of FIG. 1A in aprivacy mode of operation; and FIG. 15B is a schematic graphillustrating the variation of reflectivity with polar direction for thereflected light rays in FIG. 15A. Features of the arrangement of FIG.15A not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to thefeatures with equivalent reference numerals as discussed above,including any potential variations in the features.

Ambient light source 406 illuminates the display 100 with unpolarisedlight. Additional polariser 318 transmits light ray 410 normal to thedisplay surface with a first polarisation component 372 that is a linearpolarisation component parallel to the electric vector transmissiondirection 319 of the additional polariser 318.

In both states of operation, the polarisation component 372 remainsunmodified by the polar phase control retarder 300 and so transmittedpolarisation component 382 is parallel to the transmission axis of thereflective polariser 302 and the display polariser 218, so ambient lightis directed through the spatial light modulator 48 and lost.

By comparison, for ray 412, off-axis light is directed through the polarphase control retarder 300 such that polarisation component 374 incidenton the reflective polariser 302 may be reflected. Such polarisationcomponent is re-converted into component 376 after passing throughretarders 300 and is transmitted through the additional polariser 318.

Thus when the layer 314 of liquid crystal material is in the secondstate of said two states, the reflective polariser 302 provides noreflected light for ambient light rays 410 passing through theadditional polariser 318 and then the polar phase control retarder 300along an axis perpendicular to the plane of the polar phase controlretarder 300, but provides reflected light rays 412 for ambient lightpassing through the additional polariser 318 and then the polar phasecontrol retarder 300 at some polar angles which are at an acute angle tothe perpendicular to the plane of the polar phase control retarder 300;wherein the reflected light 412 passes back through the polar phasecontrol retarder 300 and is then transmitted by the additional polariser3114.

The polar phase control retarder 300 thus provides no overalltransformation of polarisation component 380 to ambient light rays 410passing through the additional polariser 318 and then the polar phasecontrol retarder 300 along an axis perpendicular to the plane of theswitchable retarder, but provides an overall transformation ofpolarisation component 372 to ambient light rays 412 passing through theabsorptive polariser 318 and then the polar phase control retarder 300at some polar angles which are at an acute angle to the perpendicular tothe plane of the polar phase control retarder 300.

The polar distribution of light reflection illustrated in FIG. 15B thusillustrates that high reflectivity can be provided at typical snooperlocations by means of the privacy state of the polar phase controlretarder 300. Thus, in the privacy mode of operation, the reflectivityfor off-axis viewing positions is increased, and the luminance foroff-axis light from the spatial light modulator is reduced asillustrated in FIG. 14B.

Advantageously, a privacy display is provided that has high reflectivityto an off-axis snooper while maintaining low reflectivity for an on-axisobserver. As is described above, such increased reflectivity providesincreased visual security level for the display in an ambientlyilluminated environment.

FIG. 16A is a schematic diagram illustrating in side view propagation ofoutput light from a spatial light modulator through the optical stack ofFIG. 1A in a public mode of operation; and FIG. 16B is a schematic graphillustrating the variation of output luminance with polar direction forthe transmitted light rays in FIG. 16A. Features of the arrangements ofFIGS. 16A-B not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspondto the features with equivalent reference numerals as discussed above,including any potential variations in the features.

Thus when the liquid crystal retarder 301 is in a first state, of saidtwo states, the polar phase control retarder 300 provides no overalltransformation of polarisation component 360, 361 to output lightpassing therethrough perpendicular to the plane of the switchableretarder 301 or at an acute angle to the perpendicular to the plane ofthe switchable retarder 301. That is polarisation component 362 issubstantially the same as polarisation component 360 and polarisationcomponent 364 is substantially the same as polarisation component 361.Thus the angular transmission profile of FIG. 16B is substantiallyuniformly transmitting across a wide polar region. Advantageously adisplay may be switched to a wide field of view.

FIG. 17A is a schematic diagram illustrating in top view propagation ofambient illumination light through the optical stack of FIG. 1A in apublic mode of operation; and FIG. 17B is a schematic graph illustratingthe variation of reflectivity with polar direction for the reflectedlight rays in FIG. 17A. Features of the arrangements of FIGS. 17A-B notdiscussed in father detail may be assumed to correspond to the featureswith equivalent reference numerals as discussed above, including anypotential variations in the features.

Thus when the liquid crystal retarder 301 is in the first state of saidtwo states, the polar phase control retarder 300 provides no overalltransformation of polarisation component 372 to ambient light rays 412passing through the additional polariser 318 and then the polar phasecontrol retarder 300, that is perpendicular to the plane of the polarphase control retarder 300 or at an acute angle to the perpendicular tothe plane of the polar phase control retarder 300.

In operation in the public mode, input light ray 412 has polarisationstate 372 after transmission through the additional polariser 318. Forboth head-on and off-axis directions no polarisation transformationoccurs and thus the reflectivity for light rays 402 from the reflectivepolariser 302 is low. Light ray 412 is transmitted by reflectivepolariser 302 and lost in the display polarisers 218, 210 or thebacklight of FIG. 1A or optical isolator 218, 518 in an emissive spatiallight modulator 38 of FIG. 1B.

Advantageously in a public mode of operation, high luminance and lowreflectivity is provided across a wide field of view. Such a display canbe conveniently viewed with high contrast by multiple observers.

It would be desirable to provide further reduction of off-axis luminanceby means of directional illumination from the spatial light modulator48. Directional illumination of the spatial light modulator 48 bydirectional backlights 20 will now be described.

FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram illustrating in front perspective view adirectional backlight 20 (or ‘narrow angle’ or ‘collimated’ backlight),and FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram illustrating in front perspectiveview a non-directional backlight 20 (or ‘wide-angle’ backlight or‘non-collimated’ backlight), either of which may be applied in any ofthe devices described herein. Thus a directional backlight 20 as shownin FIG. 18 provides a narrow cone 450, whereas a non-directionalbacklight 20 as shown in FIG. 19 provides a wide angular distributioncone 452 of light output rays.

FIG. 20 is a schematic graph illustrating variation with luminance withlateral viewing angle for various different backlight arrangements. Thegraph of FIG. 20 may be a cross section through the polar field-of-viewprofiles described herein. Features of the arrangements of FIGS. 18-20not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to thefeatures with equivalent reference numerals as discussed above,including any potential variations in the features.

A. Lambertian backlight has a luminance profile 846 that is independentof viewing angle. In the present embodiments, the backlight 20 may bearranged to provide an angular light distribution that has reducedluminance for off-axis viewing positions in comparison to head-onluminance.

A typical wide angle backlight has a roll-off at higher angles such thatthe full width half maximum of relative luminance may be preferablygreater than 40°, more preferably greater than 60° and most preferablygreater than 80°. A typical wide angle backlight has a roll-off athigher angles such that the full width half maximum 866 of relativeluminance may be greater than 40°, preferably greater than 60° and mostpreferably greater than 80°. Further the relative luminance 864 at+1-45°, is preferably greater than 7.5%, more preferably greater than10% and most preferably greater than 20%. Advantageously a display thatachieves a roll-off similar to the wide angle backlight may provide highimage visibility to off-axis users.

Displays comprising wide angle backlights 20 and only one additionalpolariser 318 and polar phase control retarder 330 (not comprisingfurther polar phase control retarders 300B and further additionalpolariser 31813) do not typically achieve desirable visual securitylevel to off-axis users in privacy mode of operation. Desirably suchdisplays may be provided with a directional backlight 20 as will now bedescribed.

The backlight 20 may be a directional backlight that provides aluminance at polar angles to the normal to the spatial light modulatorgreater than 45 degrees in at least one azimuthal direction that is atmost 30% of the luminance along the normal to the spatial lightmodulator, preferably at most 20% of the luminance along the normal tothe spatial light modulator, and more preferably at most 10% of theluminance along the normal to the spatial light modulator. Thedirectional backlight 20 may have a roll-off at higher angles such thatthe full width half maximum 862 of relative luminance may be less than60°, preferably less than 40° and most preferably less than 20°. In anillustrative example the luminance 868 at 45 degrees may be 18% of thehead-on luminance from the backlight 20.

Such luminance profiles may be provided by the directional backlights 20described below or may also be provided by wide angle backlights incombination with further additional polariser 3188 and polar phasecontrol retarders 300B as described elsewhere herein.

One type of a switchable backlight 20 will now be described.

FIG. 21A is a schematic diagram illustrating in side view a switchabledirectional display apparatus 100 comprising a switchable liquid crystalpolar phase control retarder 300 and backlight 20. The backlight 20 ofFIG. 21A may be applied in any of the devices described herein and whichcomprises an imaging waveguide 1 illuminated by a light source array 15through an input end 2. FIG. 21B which is a schematic diagramillustrating in rear perspective view operation of the imaging waveguide1 of FIG. 21A in a narrow angle mode of operation.

The imaging waveguides 1 is of the type described in U.S. Pat. No.9,519,153, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.The waveguide 1 has an input end 2 extending in a lateral directionalong the waveguide 1. An array of light sources 15 are disposed alongthe input end 2 and input light into the waveguide 1.

The waveguide 1 also has opposed first and second guide surfaces 6, 8extending across the waveguide 1 from the input end 2 to a reflectiveend 4 for guiding light input at the input end 2 forwards and back alongthe waveguide 1. The second guide surface 8 has a plurality of lightextraction features 12 facing the reflective end 4 and arranged todeflect at least some of the light guided back through the waveguide 1from the reflective end 4 from different input positions across theinput end 2 in different directions through the first guide surface 6that are dependent on the input position.

In operation, light rays are directed from light source array 15 throughan input end and are guided between first and second guiding surfaces 6,8 without loss to a reflective end 4. Reflected rays are incident ontofacets 12 and output by reflection as light rays 230 or transmitted aslight rays 232. Transmitted light rays 232 are directed back through thewaveguide 1 by facets 803, 805 of rear reflector 800 Operation of rearreflectors are described further in U.S. Pat. No. 10,154,732, which isherein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

As illustrated in FIG. 21B, optical power of the curved reflective end 4and facets 12 provide an optical window 26 that is transmitted throughthe spatial light modulator 48 and has an axis 197 that is typicallyaligned to the optical axis 199 of the waveguide 1. Similar opticalwindow 26 is provided by transmitted light rays 232 that are reflectedby the rear reflector 800.

FIG. 21C is a schematic graph illustrating field-of-view luminance plotof the output of FIG. 21B when used in a display apparatus with noswitchable liquid crystal retarder. Features of the arrangements ofFIGS. 21A-C not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspondto the features with equivalent reference numerals as discussed above,including any potential variations in the features.

Thus for off-axis viewing positions observed by snoopers 47 may havereduced luminance, for example between 1% and 3% of the central peakluminance at an elevation of 0 degrees and lateral angle of +1-45degrees. Further reduction of off-axis luminance is achieved by theplural retarders 301, 330 of the present embodiments.

Backlight 20 may thus further comprise a switchable backlight arrangedto switch the output angular luminance profile in order to providereduced off-axis luminance in a privacy mode of operation and higheroff-axis luminance in a public mode of operation.

Another type of directional backlight with low off-axis luminance willnow be described.

FIG. 22A is a schematic diagram illustrating in side view a switchabledirectional display apparatus comprising a backlight 20 including aswitchable collimating waveguide 901 and a switchable liquid crystalpolar phase control retarder 300 and additional polariser 318. Thebacklight 20 of FIG. 22A may be applied in any of the devices describedherein and is arranged as follows.

The waveguide 901 has an input end 902 extending in a lateral directionalong the waveguide 901. An army of light sources 915 are disposed alongthe input end 902 and input light into the waveguide 1. The waveguide901 also has opposed first and second guide surfaces 906, 908 extendingacross the waveguide 1 from the input end 2 to a reflective end 4 forguiding light input at the input end 2 forwards and back along thewaveguide 1. In operation, light is guided between the first and secondguiding surface 906, 908.

The first guiding surface 906 may be provided with a lenticularstructure 904 comprising a plurality of elongate lenticular elements 905and the second guiding surface 908 may be provided with prismaticstructures 912 which are inclined and act as light extraction features.The plurality of elongate lenticular elements 905 of the lenticularstructure 904 and the plurality of inclined light extraction featuresdeflect input light guided through the waveguide 901 to exit through thefirst guide surface 906.

A rear reflector 903 that may be a planar reflector is provided todirect light that is transmitted through the surface 908 back throughthe waveguide 901.

Output light rays that are incident on both the prismatic structures 912and lenticular elements 905 of the lenticular structure 904 are outputat angles close to grazing incidence to the surface 906. A prismaticturning film 926 comprising facets 927 is arranged to redirect outputlight rays 234 by total internal reflection through the spatial lightmodulator 48 and compensated switchable liquid crystal polar phasecontrol retarder 300.

FIG. 22B is a schematic diagram illustrating in top view output of thecollimating waveguide 901. Prismatic structures 912 are arranged toprovide light at angles of incidence onto the lenticular structure 904that are below the critical angle and thus may escape. On incidence atthe edges of a lenticular surface, the inclination of the surfaceprovides a light deflection for escaping rays and provides a collimatingeffect Light ray 234 may be provided by light rays 188 a-c and lightrays 189 a-c, with incidence on locations 185 of the lenticularstructure 904 of the collimated waveguide 901.

FIG. 22C is a schematic graph illustrating an iso-luminancefield-of-view polar plot for the display apparatus of FIG. 22A. Thus anarrow output light cone may be provided, with size determined by thestructures of the structures 904, 912 and the turning film 926. Featuresof the arrangements of FIGS. 22A-C not discussed in further detail maybe assumed to correspond to the features with equivalent referencenumerals as discussed above, including any potential variations in thefeatures.

Advantageously in regions in which snoopers may be located with lateralangles of 45 degrees or greater for example, the luminance of outputfrom the display is small, typically less than 2%. It would be desirableto achieve further reduction of output luminance. Such further reductionis provided by the compensated switchable liquid crystal polar phasecontrol retarder 300 and additional polariser 318 as illustrated in FIG.22A. Advantageously a high performance privacy display with low off-axisluminance may be provided over a wide field of view.

Directional backlights such as the types described in FIG. 21A and FIG.22A together with the plural retarders 301, 330 of the presentembodiments may achieve off-axis luminance of less than 1.5%, preferablyless than 0.75% and most preferably less than 0.5% may be achieved fortypical snooper 47 locations. Further, high on-axis luminance anduniformity may be provided for the primary user 45. Advantageously ahigh performance privacy display with low off-axis luminance may beprovided over a wide field of view, that may be switched to a publicmode by means of control of the switchable retarder 301 by means ofcontrol system 352 illustrated in FIG. 1A.

Although the above description relates to a display device 100 in whichthe output polariser is an additional polariser 318 that is used incombination with at least one polar phase control retarder 300 and thereflective polariser 302, this is not essential. In some alternativeembodiments, the additional polariser 318, at least one polar phasecontrol retarder 300 and the reflective polariser 302 may be omitted. Inthat case the output polariser may be the display polariser 218 that isan output polariser of the display. As an example of this, FIG. 23 is adiagram illustrating in side perspective view an alternativeconstruction for the switchable privacy display 100 in which is theadditional polariser 318, at least one polar phase control retarder 300and the reflective polariser 302 are omitted. Features of thearrangement of FIG. 23 not discussed in further detail may be assumed tocorrespond to the features with equivalent reference numerals asdiscussed above, including any potential variations in the features.

FIG. 23 further illustrates a touch screen 500 with electrodes 502arranged between the front surface 602 and the layer 214 of the spatiallight modulator 48. The touch screen 500 may be arranged on supportsubstrates 504, 406 such that the distance, d between front surface 602of the output diffuser structure 600 and the pixels is relatively high.As illustrated in FIG. 3, such a large distance may provide increasedblurring between adjacent pixels and loss of resolution for frontsurface diffusers. In the present embodiments, blurring is reduced andadvantageously high image fidelity is achieved for high resolutionimages.

As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately”provide an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/orrelativity between items. Such an industry-accepted tolerance rangesfrom zero percent to ten percent and corresponds to, but is not limitedto, component values, angles, et cetera. Such relativity between itemsranges between approximately zero percent to ten percent.

While various embodiments in accordance with the principles disclosedherein have been described above, it should be understood that they havebeen presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, thebreadth and scope of this disclosure should not be limited by any of theabove-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only inaccordance with any claims and their equivalents issuing from thisdisclosure. Furthermore, the above advantages and features are providedin described embodiments, but shall not limit the application of suchissued claims to processes and structures accomplishing any or all ofthe above advantages.

Additionally, the section headings herein are provided for consistencywith the suggestions under 37 CFR 1 77 or otherwise to provideorganizational cues. These headings shall not limit or characterize theembodiment(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure.Specifically and by way of example, although the headings refer to a“Technical Field,” the claims should not be limited by the languagechosen under this heading to describe the so-called field. Further, adescription of a technology in the “Background” is not to be construedas an admission that certain technology is prior art to anyembodiment(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the “Summary” to beconsidered as a characterization of the embodiment(s) set forth inissued claims. Furthermore, any reference in this disclosure to“invention” in the singular should not be used to argue that there isonly a single point of novelty in this disclosure. Multiple embodimentsmay be set forth according to the limitations of the multiple claimsissuing from this disclosure, and such claims accordingly define theembodiment(s), and their equivalents, that are protected thereby. In allinstances, the scope of such claims shall be considered on their ownmerits in light of this disclosure, but should not be constrained by theheadings set forth herein.

1. A diffuser structure for arrangement on an output side of a linearpolariser, the diffuser structure comprising first and second structuredoutput layers, the second structured layer having an input side and anoutput side, the first structured output layer being on the output sideof the second structured output layer, having an input side and anoutput side, and having an output surface on its output side, and thefirst and second structured output layers comprising first and secondtransparent materials that have an interface surface between first andsecond transparent materials on the input side of the first structuredlayer, at least one of the first and second transparent materials beinga birefringent material having an optical axis, wherein: the outputsurface of the first structured output layer has a first surface reliefprofile; the interface surface has a second surface relief profile; thefirst surface relief profile and the second surface relief profile havethe same, aligned shapes but with a relative scaling in amplitude alongan axis normal to the plane of the diffuser structure so that theamplitude of the first surface relief profile is less than the amplitudeof the second surface relief profile; and for light output from thelinear polariser when the diffuser structure is arranged on the outputside of the linear polariser with the optical axis of the birefringentmaterial aligned parallel or orthogonal to the electric vectortransmission direction of the linear polariser, the refractive index ofthe first transparent material is greater than the refractive index ofthe second transparent material, and said relative scaling and saidrefractive indices of the first and second transparent materials areselected so that the diffuser structure introduces no net angulardeflection of light rays output by the linear polariser along an axisalong a normal to the plane of the linear polariser.
 2. The diffuserstructure according to claim 1, wherein the at least one birefringentmaterial is a cured liquid crystal material.
 3. The diffuser structureaccording to claim 1, wherein the second structured output layer has aninput surface on the input side that is planar.
 4. The diffuserstructure according to claim 1, further comprising at least one polardiffusion control retarder, wherein, when the diffuser structure isarranged on the output side of the linear polariser, the at least onepolar diffusion control retarder is capable of simultaneouslyintroducing no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisationcomponents of light output by the linear polariser along an axis along anormal to the plane of the at least one polar diffusion control retarderand introducing a relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisationcomponents of light output by the linear polariser along an axisinclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one polar diffusioncontrol retarder.
 5. The diffuser structure according to claim 4,wherein the at least one polar diffusion control retarder comprises aswitchable liquid crystal retarder comprising a layer of liquid crystalmaterial, wherein the at least one polar diffusion control retarder isarranged, in a switchable state of the switchable liquid crystalretarder and when the diffuser structure is arranged on the output sideof the linear polariser, simultaneously to introduce no net relativephase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light output by thelinear polariser along an axis along a normal to the plane of the atleast one polar diffusion control retarder and to introduce a netrelative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of lightoutput by the linear polariser along an axis inclined to a normal to theplane of the at least one polar diffusion control retarder.
 6. Thediffuser structure according to claim 5, wherein the at least one polardiffusion control retarder further comprises at least one passiveretarder arranged in series with the switchable liquid crystal retarder.7-12. (canceled)
 13. The diffuser structure according to claim 1,wherein said relative scaling, said refractive indices of the first andsecond transparent materials, and thickness of the first structuredoutput layer are selected so that, when the diffuser structure isarranged on the output side of the linear polariser, the diffuserstructure further introduces a net angular deflection to light raysoutput by the linear polariser along an axis inclined to the normal tothe plane of the linear polariser. 14-15. (canceled)
 16. The diffuserstructure according to claim 1 in combination with the linear polariser,the diffuser structure being arranged on an output side of the linearpolariser.